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APA Interactive (7th ed.)

The tool will not work without CSS and JavaScript.

Select a type of source below to view customised interactive examples of how to format APA Style references and in-text citations.

book

Book

book chapter

Edited book chapter

journal article

Journal article

web page

Web page

newspaper article

Newspaper article

magazine

Magazine article

report

Report

study material

Study material

other types

Other types

Book

Edited book chapter

Journal article

Web page

Newspaper article

Magazine article

Report

Study material

Other types

Not sure

(back)

exclamation markOnly choose this type if there is no more specific description. More info.

Options

Author:
Date:
Frequency:
Edition:
Source:
Reset all
Persistent link
EndNote fields

 

If you are new to referencing, we suggest you read introduction to referencing and APA style before making use of this tool.

  • Reference list
  • In-text citation
  • More information

Example reference list entry:

Smith, J. D. Smith, J. D., & Khan, V. Smith, J. D., Khan, V., & Zhang, H. Smith, J. D., Khan, V., Zhang, H., Williams, T., Garcia, J., Sato, Y., Thompson, D., Taylor, F. G., McDonald, L., Laine, C., Arnott, A., Fisher, V., Derryck, W., Young, N., Creswell, I., Greene, P., Walsh, Dubois, T., Wright, B., … Roach, C. Ministry of Education. Research ethics in New Zealand: A student guide. Research ethics in New Zealand: A student guide (Rev. ed.). (2nd ed.). Trends in discourse analysis. Māori voices: Approaches to bilingual research. Kindergartens and childcare centres in New Zealand. Research awards draw industry attention. Tertiary funding models in New Zealand. National employment predictions and recommendations (Report No. 122). (2022). (n.d.). (2009, January 12). (2022, January 12). (2022, January). (2022, Winter). Research ethics in New Zealand: A student guide. Research ethics in New Zealand: A student guide (Rev. ed.). (2nd ed.). Rata Press. Trends in discourse analysis. In G. Schwartz & U. N. Owen (Eds.), Readings in qualitative research design (pp. 15–59). (Rev. ed., (2nd ed., pp. 15–59). Rata Press. Māori voices: Approaches to bilingual research. Journal of Academic Methodologies, 38(3), 17–28. Kindergartens and childcare centres in New Zealand. Ministry of Education. http://www.example.com/thepage.htm Research awards draw industry attention. Albany Times, p. 22. Tertiary funding models in New Zealand. Tertiary Education Magazine, 21(1), 21–24. National employment predictions and recommendations (Report No. 122). Rata Press. Rata Press. http://www.example.com/ Rata Press. https://doi.org/10.1000/182

question markClick on parts of the example (e.g., the author or year) for the format and location.

exclamation markIf the author is an organisation or group, use "group author" instead of "no author."

exclamation markIf the article has a DOI, select the medium "Internet (DOI)" instead of print from the drop down list above. See DOI for an explanation.

exclamation markIf the document has a DOI, use "Internet (DOI)" instead of "Internet." See DOI.

6th editionThe earlier (6th) edition of APA formats this differently. See 6th vs. 7th for details.

  • Paraphrase
  • Quotation
  • Source within a source

When paraphrasing, you put the source information into your own words and phrases.

A quotation is an exact copy of the wording used in an outside source.

When a source with two authors is cited, both authors are included every time the source is cited.

For works with three or more authors, the first author's name followed by "et al." is used for every citation.

Many academic books and journal articles quote earlier books or articles on the same topic. If you cannot access the original source (it is out of print, or unavailable through the library), you can cite the secondary source instead.

The author's nameThe authors' namesThe nameThe group's nameA shortened version of the source's title is used in place of the author. It can appear outside the brackets, incorporated into the sentence:

According to Smith Smith and Khan Smith et al. the Ministry of Education Research Ethics “Trends” “Māori Voices” “Research Awards” “Tertiary Funding Models” National Employment "Kindergartens" (2022), (n.d.) “the best source of …” (p. 22).

Or it they can appear inside the brackets:

… was the case” (Smith, (Smith & Khan, (Smith et al., (Ministry of Education, (Research Ethics, (“Trends,” (“Māori Voices,” (“Research Awards,” (“Tertiary Funding Models,” (National Employment, ("Kindergartens," 2022). n.d.). 2022, n.d., p. 22).

It is not compulsory to include page numbers when paraphrasing, but they can be included if you want to refer to a specific part of the source:

According to Smith Smith and Khan Smith et al. the Ministry of Education Research Ethics “Trends” “Māori Voices” "Kindergartens" “Research Awards” “Tertiary Funding Models” National Employment (2022, (n.d., p. 22), …

When quoting, you must provide a page number if one is available. Because web pages often have no page numbers, you should either use the paragraph number (use "para." instead of "p.") or nothing at all.

If a multiple (3+) author citation abbreviated with et al. looks the same as another in-text citation similarly shortened, add enough surnames to make a distinction. E.g., (Smith, Khan, et al., 1998) to distinguish from (Smith, Khan, Zhang, et al., 1998).

Note that only the source you have viewed directly (the quoting source) should appear in the reference list. In the in-text citation both sources are mentioned, with the original source before the quoting source:

In a landmark study of childhood obesity, Arnold (as cited in Smith Smith & Khan, Smith et al., Ministry of Education, Research Ethics, “Trends,” “Māori Voices,” "Kindergartens," “Research Awards,” “Tertiary Funding Models,” National Employment, 2022) ) found …

6th editionThe earlier (6th) edition of APA formats this differently. See 6th vs. 7th for details.

Reference list

Entries are listed in alphabetical order at the end of the assignment.

  • Sample reference list
  • Reference list format
  • Referencing booksReferencing chapters in edited booksReferencing journal articlesReferencing web pagesReferencing newspaper articlesReferencing magazine articlesReferencing reports

In-text citation

In-text citations are used in the body of the assignment.

  • In-text citations
  • Paraphrasing and summarising
  • Quoting
  • Secondary source

Your course coordinator or lecturer provides material for you to study as part of your course.

Outside material

Some of the material your course/coordinator/lecturer provides for you originates outside the course. Common types of sources include books, edited book chapters, journal articles, and reports.

This material should be referenced according to its original source type. For example, if the material is an article from a journal, reference it normally as a journal article.

If you are unsure what type of source it is see What type of source is this? or ask your lecturer.

Material from the lecturer

Usually, some materials will have been created by the course/coordinator or lecturer specially for the course. This can include study guides and lecture notes.

exclamation markYou should avoid using this material directly in your assignments.

Many course/coordinator/lecturers prefer you to read and refer to outside academic sources rather than just referencing the course material. Using outside academic sources demonstrates that you can explore the topic yourself. So, where possible try and research the concepts/ideas/theories covered in your course and reference those outside sources instead. A good place to find academic sources is the Massey library Discover database.

In order to correctly reference material, you first need to identify the type of source: is it a book, a journal, or something else? Some other types of source are listed below.

If your source type isn't liked below, What type of source is this? has more on identifying source types.

Act of Parliament
Audio recording
Blog
Brochure
CD
Conference poster session
Conference proceedings
Dictionary entry
Dissertation
Doctoral dissertation
DVD
E-book reader book
Edited book
Email
Encyclopædia entry
Fact sheet
Figure
Film
Government department materials
Grey literature

Illustration
Image
Interview
Lecture
Master's thesis
Online discussion board
Online forum
Picture
Press release
Stream book
Study guide
Symposium proceedings
Table
Television broadcast
Television episode
Thesis
Video
White paper
Wikipedia
YouTube video

book Books are printed and bound documents on a particular topic or set of topics.
book chapter Edited books are books containing writing by several different authors. Typically, each chapter is written by a different author, and the whole compilation is organised by a named editor.
journal article Journals are periodically published collections of academic articles on a particular subject.
web page Web pages are online documents found on the World Wide Web. Only choose this type if there is no more specific description. More info.
newspaper article Newspapers are daily or weekly publications that focus on news and current events.
magazine Magazines are periodical publications of general interest or technical articles on a particular subject.
report Reports are official numbered publications analysing an issue or situation.
study material Study material is provided by your lecturer for you to study as part of your course.
other types Other types include encyclopædias, online video, theses, conference proceedings, and more.
not sure What type of source is this? has more on this topic.

Author

The person who wrote the bookchapterarticleweb pagereport.

Format

The author's surname comes first, followed by a comma and the initials. Use one space between initials. End with a full stop.

Do not include titles or academic achievement (e.g., Dr. or PhD).

Where is it?

On the cover of the book, or on the title page.At the start of the chapter, near the title, or in the book's table of contents.At the start of the article, near the title, or in the journal's table of contents.Near the title, at the bottom of the web page (as part of a copyright notice), or on the website's About page.As a byline at the start or end of the article.As a byline at the start or end of the report.

More information

Author

Two authors

The people who wrote the bookchapterarticleweb pagereport.

Format

Both authors are written surname first, followed by a comma and the initials. Use one space between initials.

Put a comma and an ampersand (&) between the first and second author.

Do not include titles or academic achievement (e.g., Dr. or PhD).

Where is it?

On the cover of the book, or on the title page.At the start of the chapter, near the title, or in the book's table of contents.At the start of the article, near the title, or in the journal's table of contents.Near the title, at the bottom of the web page (as part of a copyright notice), or on the website's About page.As a byline at the start or end of the article.On the report's title page.

More information

2+ authors

Three to twenty authors

The people who wrote the bookchapterarticleweb pagereport.

Format

All authors are written surname first, followed by a comma and the initials. Use one space between initials.

Put a comma between each name. Put a comma and an ampersand (&) before the final author.

Do not include titles or academic achievement (e.g., Dr. or PhD).

Where is it?

On the cover of the book, or on the title page.At the start of the chapter, near the title, or in the book's table of contents.At the start of the article, near the title, or in the journal's table of contents.Near the title, at the bottom of the web page (as part of a copyright notice), or on the website's About page.As a byline at the start or end of the article.On the report's title page.

More information

3 to 20 authors

6th editionThe earlier (6th) edition of APA formats this differently. See 6th vs. 7th for details.

Twenty-one or more authors

The people who wrote the bookchapterarticleweb pagereport.

Format

The first 19 authors are written surname first, followed by a comma and the initials. Use one space between initials.

Authors beyond the 19th are replaced with "…" (an ellipsis).

The final author's name is included after the ellipsis. There should be no more than 20 names.

Do not include titles or academic achievement (e.g., Dr. or PhD).

Where is it?

On the cover of the book, or on the title page.At the start of the chapter, near the title, or in the book's table of contents.At the start of the article, near the title, or in the journal's table of contents.Near the title, at the bottom of the web page (as part of a copyright notice), or on the website's About page.As a byline at the start or end of the article.On the report's title page.

More information

21+ authors

6th editionThe earlier (6th) edition of APA formats this differently. See 6th vs. 7th for details.

Group or organisational author

A group or organisational author is used only when there is no individually named author available.

Government departments, corporations, universities, and charities are all examples of group authors.

Format

Write out the group's name in full (don't abbreviate). End with a full stop.

Where is it?

In the same places as an individual author.

More information

Group authors

Year of publication

The year that the bookchapterarticleweb pagereport was published or released.

Format

Write in brackets, after the author(s). Put a full stop after the closing bracket.

Where is it?

On the copyright page, inside the front cover of the book. Look for the copyright (©) year. The year might also be listed in the Massey Library catalogue.On the journal's title page. The year may also be part of the header or footer of each page.Use the copyright (©) year or Last Updated year, usually found at the bottom of the page.On the report's title page. The year may also be part of the header or footer of each page.

More information

Year of publication

No year of publication

"n.d." (for “no date”) is used if no year is available.

Format

<

If the date of the cited source (the original source) is unknown, it should be omitted from the in-text citation:

In a landmark study of childhood obesity, Arnold (as cited in Smith, 2022) found …

More information

No year of publication

Book title

The name of the book

Format

Write in full, in italics. End with a full stop.

Put a colon between the title and any subtitle, whether the original source uses it or not.

Use an uppercase letter for the first word of the title, the first word of any subtitle, and any proper nouns (the names of places, people, organisations, etc.).

Where is it?

On the cover, and on the title page.

More information

Title

City of publication (NZ)

The location of the book'sreport's publisher.

Format

Put the city and country in full, separating them with a comma. End with a colon.

Note: the format can vary depending on whether the city is in the United States or elsewhere. See the Options panel to the left.

Where is it?

On the copyright page, inside the front cover of the bookreport.

Look for the publisher's physical address. Do not use the printer's address. If there are several cities listed, use the first.

The city might also be listed in the Massey Library catalogue.

More information

City of publication

City of publication (US)

The location of the book'sreport's publisher.

Format

Put the city and two-letter state abbreviation (e.g., CA for California), separating them with a comma. End with a colon.

Where is it?

On the copyright page, inside the front cover of the bookreport.

Look for the publisher's physical address. Do not use the printer's address. If there are several cities listed, use the first.

The city might also be listed in the Massey Library catalogue.

More information

City of publication

City of publication (Other)

The location of the book'sreport's publisher.

Format

Put the city and country in full, separating them with a comma. End with a colon.

Where is it?

On the copyright page, inside the front cover of the bookreport.

Look for the publisher's physical address. Do not use the printer's address. If there are several cities listed, use the first.

The city might also be listed in the Massey Library catalogue.

More information

City of publication

Publisher

The name of the company that published the bookreport.

Note: If the author and publisher are the same, omit the publisher in the reference. E.g.,

Ministry of Education. (2009). Research ethics in New Zealand: A student guide.

Format

Put the name of the publisher. End with a full stop.

Do not include legal terms (e.g., Inc. or Ltd.). Do not include the publisher location in the reference.

Where is it?

On the copyright page, inside the front cover of the bookreport. On the spine or cover of the bookreport.

The publisher might also be listed in the Massey Library catalogue.

More information

Publisher

Website Name

The host or source of the webpage, report or web document.

Note: When the author of the work is the same as the website source, omit the website name in the reference.

Format

Write the website name in full (without italics). All words in the name should begin with uppercase letters except for words like "and," "of," and "the." End with a full stop.

Where is it?

Near the title, at the bottom of the webpage (as part of the copyright notice), or on the website's About page.

More information

Web page

Chapter title

The name of the specific chapter of the book.

Format

Write in full, without italics. End with a full stop.

Put a colon between the title and any subtitle, whether the original source uses it or not.

Use an uppercase letter for the first word of the title, the first word of any subtitle, and any proper nouns (the names of places, people, organisations, etc.).

Where is it?

At the start of the chapter (near the author's name) or in the book's table of contents.

More information

Title

Book title (edited book)

The name of the book

Format

Write in full, in italics. The full stop comes after the chapter page range (in brackets).

Put a colon between the title and any subtitle, whether the original source uses it or not.

Use an uppercase letter for the first word of the title, the first word of any subtitle, and any proper nouns (the names of places, people, organisations, etc.).

Where is it?

On the cover, and on the title page.

More information

Title

Editor(s)

The person(s) who compiled and prepared the chapters for publication.

Format

Begin with "In" and end with "(Ed.)" or "(Eds.)" and a comma. Editor names are formatted like authors, but with initials preceding surnames.

If there is more than one editor, they follow the same rules as multiple authors (i.e., there should be commas between the names, and an "&" before the last editor's name).

Where is it?

On the cover of the book, or on the title page.

More information

Chapter in an edited book

Chapter page range

The first and last page of the chapter being cited.

Format

Write in brackets. Begin with "pp.", and put a dash ("–") between the first page number and the last page number. End with a full stop (outside the brackets). The book's edition number goes in the same brackets, before the page range. Put a comma between it and the page range.

Where is it?

The first page number of the chapter, usually containing the title and introduction.

The final page number of the chapter, usually containing the end of the references or footnotes.

More information

Chapter in an edited book

Article title (journal)

The name of the specific article in the journal.

Format

Write in full, without italics. End with a full stop.

Put a colon between the title and any subtitle, whether the original source uses it or not.

Use an uppercase letter for the first word of the title, the first word of any subtitle, and any proper nouns (the names of places, people, organisations, etc.).

Where is it?

At the start of the article (near the author's name) or in the journal issue's table of contents.

More information

Title

Journal title

The name of the journal.

Format

Write in italics, end with a comma.

All words in the name should begin with an uppercase letter except minor words like "and," "in," and "the".

Where is it?

On the cover or title page of the issue. Often on the top (header) or bottom (footer) of every page.

The title often (but not always) has words like "Journal" or "Studies" in it.

Journal titles can be found using Massey Library's catalogue search.

More information

Title

Journals

Volume number

The volume number refers to a set of issues. It is usually related to the year of publication: volume 7 of a journal would include issues published in the 7th year of that journal's existence.

Format

Write in italics. If there is also an issue number, put the opening bracket next. Do not put a space between the volume number and the bracket.

If there is no issue number, end with a comma.

If there is no issue number and no page range, end with a full stop instead.

Where is it?

On the cover, copyright / title page, table of contents of the issue. Often on the top (header) or bottom (footer) of every page, after the journal title.

More information

Journal

No volume number.

Issue number

Each issue of a journal is allocated a number. It usually indicates when in the year it was published: issue 3 of a journal would be the 3rd issue published that year.

Format

Write in brackets. End with a comma (outside the brackets).

If there is no page range, end with a full stop instead.

If the journal's page numbering stretches over the course of the year instead of beginning at 1 each issue, do not include the issue number.

Where is it?

On the cover, copyright / title page, table of contents of the issue. Often on the top (header) or bottom (footer) of every page, after the volume number.

More information

Journal

Article page range

The first and last page of the article being cited.

Format

Put a dash ("–") between the first page number and the last page number. End with a full stop.

"pp." is not used before the article page range.

Where is it?

The first page number of the article, usually containing the title and introduction.

The final page number of the article, usually containing the end of the references or footnotes.

More information

Journal

Web page title

The name or heading of the web page.

Format

Write in full, in italics.

Put a colon between the title and any subtitle, whether the original source uses it or not.

Use an uppercase letter for the first word of the title, the first word of any subtitle, and any proper nouns (the names of places, people, organisations, etc.).

Where is it?

Use the heading of the web page.

If there is no heading, use whatever appears in the title bar of your browser (usually at the very top of the screen).

More information

Title

Web page

“Retrieved from”

This phrase comes before the URL address.

If the material is likely to change frequently (e.g., the source is a wiki), the date of retrieval can be included here as well: begin with "Retrieved". Put the month (written as a word) and the day, then a comma and the year. End with a comma and "from"

More information

Web page

URL address

The location of the web page / web document.

Format

Write in full. Do not end with a full stop.

Where is it?

Copy from the address bar of your web browser.

The URL address usually begins with "http://" or "https://"

Include a URL that is openly accessible or omit the online information altogether.

More information

Online books and book with DOIs

Online journal article

Web page

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

The Digital Object Identifier is a unique number allocated to an online publication. It is often used to identify online journal articles and other online documents.

When to include a DOI

Include DOIs for all sources where a DOI is available even if the source wasn’t accessed online.

Format

Write https://doi.org/ and then the number in full, including any punctuation such as slashes or full stops. Do not end with a full stop.

Where is it?

If an online source has a DOI it will be identified with the copyright information.

The DOI may also be part of the online citation for the source.

More information

Digital object identifier (DOI)

The DOI can be looked up via http://www.crossref.org/

6th editionThe earlier (6th) edition of APA formats this differently. See 6th vs. 7th for details.

Article title (newspaper)

The name of the specific article in the newspaper.

Format

Write in full, without italics. End with a full stop.

Put a colon between the title and any subtitle, whether the original source uses it or not.

Use an uppercase letter for the first word of the title, the first word of any subtitle, and any proper nouns (the names of places, people, organisations, etc.).

Where is it?

At the start of the article, in large text.

More information

Title

Newspaper title

The name of the newspaper.

Format

Write in italics, end with a full stop.

All words in the name should begin with an uppercase letter except minor words like "and," "in," and "the".

Where is it?

On the front page of the newspaper, in the masthead.

More information

Title

Page number

The page that the article appears on.

Format

Begin with "p.", and end with a full stop.

If the newspaper has different sections, include the section as well (e.g., "B5").

If the article stretches over multiple pages, use "pp." and put a dash ("–") between the first and last number.

Where is it?

On the top (header) or bottom (footer) of the page.

More information

Newspaper article

Article title (magazine)

The name of the specific article in the magazine.

Format

Write in full, without italics. End with a full stop.

Put a colon between the title and any subtitle, whether the original source uses it or not.

Use an uppercase letter for the first word of the title, the first word of any subtitle, and any proper nouns (the names of places, people, organisations, etc.).

Where is it?

At the start of the article, in large text.

More information

Title

Magazine title

The name of the magazine.

Format

Write in italics, end with a comma.

All words in the name should begin with an uppercase letter except minor words like "and," "in," and "the".

Where is it?

On the cover or title page of the issue. Often on the top (header) or bottom (footer) of every page.

More information

Title

Magazine volume number

The volume number refers to a set of magazines. It is usually related to the year of publication: volume 7 of a magazine would include issues published in the 7th year of that magazine's existence.

Format

Write in italics. If there is also an issue number, put the opening bracket next. Do not put a space between the volume number and the bracket.

If there is no issue number, end with a comma.

If there is no issue number and no page range, end with a full stop instead.

If there is no volume or issue number, just give the page range.

Where is it?

On the cover, copyright / title page, table of contents of the issue. Often near the date and magazine title.

More information

Magazine

Magazine issue number

Each issue of a magazine is often allocated a number. It usually indicates when in the year it was published: issue 3 of a magazine would be the 3rd issue published that year.

Format

Write in brackets. End with a comma (outside the brackets).

If there is no page range, end with a full stop instead.

Where is it?

On the cover, copyright / title page, table of contents of the issue. Often near the date and magazine title.

More information

Magazine

Magazine article page range

The first and last page of the article being cited.

Format

Put a dash ("–") between the first page number and the last page number. End with a full stop.

"pp." is not used before the article page range.

Where is it?

The first page number of the article, usually containing the title and introduction.

The final page number of the article.

More information

Magazine

Web page title

The name or heading of the web page.

Format

Write in full. If the web page stands alone, put the title in italics. If it is part of a larger section (e.g., a blog post) do not put it in italics.

Put a colon between the title and any subtitle, whether the original source uses it or not.

Use an uppercase letter for the first word of the title, the first word of any subtitle, and any proper nouns (the names of places, people, organisations, etc.).

Where is it?

Use the heading of the web page.

If there is no heading, use whatever appears in the title bar of your browser (usually at the very top of the screen).

More information

Title

Web page

Revised edition

Indicates a newer version of an existing book, usually correcting errors and introducing additional material.

Format

Write "Rev. ed." in brackets. End with a full stop outside the brackets. The chapter page range goes in the same brackets, after "Rev. ed.". Put a comma between "Rev. ed." and the page range.

Where is it?

On the cover, copyright page, title page of the book.

More information

Book (later edition)

Later edition

Indicates a later version of an existing book, usually correcting errors and introducing additional material.

Format

In brackets, write the number of the edition (e.g., 2nd, 3rd), followed by "ed." End with a full stop outside the brackets. The chapter page range goes in the same brackets, after the edition number. Put a comma between the edition number and the page range.

Where is it?

On the cover, copyright page, title page of the book.

More information

Book (later edition)

Publication date (newspaper)

The date that the newspaper was published or released.

Format

Write in brackets. Write the year, then a comma, then the month and day. Put a full stop after the closing bracket.

Where is it?

On the front page of the newspaper, in the masthead.Near the article title or author information (byline).

More information

Year of publication

Publication date (weekly)

The date that the magazine was published or released.

Format

Write in brackets. Write the year, then a comma, then the month and day. Put a full stop after the closing bracket.

Where is it?

On the cover or title page of the magazine.Near the article title or author information (byline).

More information

Year of publication, magazine article

Publication date (monthly)

The month that the magazine was published or released.

Format

Write in brackets. Write the year, then a comma, then the month. Put a full stop after the closing bracket.

Where is it?

On the cover or title page of the magazine.Near the article title or author information (byline).

More information

Year of publication, magazine article

Publication date (quarterly)

The month or season that the quarterly / seasonal magazine was published or released.

Format

Write in brackets. Write the year, then a comma, then the month or season. Put a full stop after the closing bracket.

Where is it?

On the cover or title page of the magazine.Near the article title or author information (byline).

More information

Year of publication, magazine article

Report title

The name of the report.

Format

Write in full, in italics.

Put a colon between the title and any subtitle, whether the original source uses it or not.

Use an uppercase letter for the first word of the title, the first word of any subtitle, and any proper nouns (the names of places, people, organisations, etc.).

Where is it?

On the cover, the title page, and/or the copyright page.

More information

Title

Report identification number

Reports are often produced in series, and each report is assigned an identification number.

Format

Write in brackets. Write the number descriptor (report number, contract number, monograph number, etc.), then the number itself. Put a full stop after the closing bracket.

If there is no identifying number, simply put the full stop after the report title.

Where is it?

On the cover, title page, or copyright page of the report.

More information

Reports

Author

Only the surname of the author is included in the in-text citation.

More information

In-text citation

Authors

Only the surnames of the authors are included in the in-text citation.

Note that “and” is used if the authors are outside the brackets, but “&” is used if the authors are inside the brackets.

More information

In-text citation

Authors

Only the first author's surname is included. All other authors are replaced with "et al."

More information

In-text citation

2+ authors

Group author

The group author's name should be identical to the name used in the reference list.

More information

No author

Book title

A shortened version of the book title appears in the in-text citation, in italics.

Usually the first few words of the title are used – enough to uniquely identify the source.

More information

No author

Chapter / article title

A shortened version of the chapterarticle title appears in the in-text citation, inside quotation marks.

Usually the first few words of the title are used – enough to uniquely identify the source.

If the title is inside brackets, the comma comes before the closing quotation mark.

More information

No author

Report title

A shortened version of the report title appears in the in-text citation, in italics.

Usually the first few words of the title are used – enough to uniquely identify the source.

More information

No author

Web page title

A shortened version of the web page title appears in the in-text citation.

If the title appears in italics in the reference list, it should appear in italics here. If it appears inside quotation marks, then it should appear inside quotation marks here.

Usually the first few words of the title are used – enough to uniquely identify the source.

More information

No author

Year

The year of publication should be identical to the year used in the reference list.

It should always be in brackets. Months, days, and seasons are not included in the in-text citation, even if they appear with the year in the reference list.

More information

In-text citation

No year of publication

If the date of the cited source (the original source) is unknown, it should be omitted from the in-text citation:

In a landmark study of childhood obesity, Arnold (as cited in Smith, 2022) found …

More information

No year of publication

Page number(s)

Page numbers always appear in brackets. Use the abbreviation "p." for a single page, and "pp." for a range of pages (e.g., p. 6 or pp. 6-7). If they are in the same brackets as the year, there should be a comma between the two.

If the source has no page numbers, use "para." (the paragraph number) instead, or use nothing here.

More information

Page numbers

Quoted source

The source that you have not seen directly, but that has been quoted in another source. This source does not appear in the reference list.

If it appears in brackets, put a comma before "as cited in."

More information

Secondary source

“as cited in”

This phrase indicates that you have only seen the first source quoted or cited within the second source.

It should be written in brackets.

More information

Secondary source

Secondary source's author

This is the author of the source that you have seen directly, the source that is quoting another source.

Write it the same as you would for a normal in-text citation. End with a comma.

More information

Secondary source

Secondary source's year of publication

This is the year of publication of the source that you have seen directly, the source that is quoting another source.

Write it the same as you would for a normal in-text citation.

If the date of the cited source (the original source) is unknown, it should be omitted from the in-text citation:

In a landmark study of childhood obesity, Arnold (as cited in Smith, 2022) found …

More information

Secondary source

First author's name and "et al."

When there are three or more authors, after the first time they have been cited only the first author's name is used, along with "et al." (a Latin phrase meaning “and others”).

If the author's name is in brackets, put a comma immediately after the full stop in "et al.".

More information

2+ authors

EndNote fields

If you are using the EndNote programme, use the following EndNote type:

  • Book
  • Book section
  • Journal articleElectronic article
  • Web page
  • Newspaper article
  • Magazine article
  • Report

This is the set of fields to enter. If you are missing any of these fields (e.g., the author name or year), simply omit:

  • Author (Note: Use a "First name Surname" or "Surname, First initial" format. For more than one author, enter each additional author's name on a new line using the Enter/Return key. Insert a comma at the end of group/corporate authors in the Endnote library to ensure it is displayed correctly) Reporter (Note: Insert a comma at the end of group/corporate authors in the Endnote library to ensure it is displayed correctly) Reporter
  • Year
  • Title
  • Edition
  • Publisher
  • URL (Leave blank if the ebook was accessed through the Massey Library. Use URL if freely available online. Search for the homepage of the source rather than use a password protected ezproxy address, e.g., www.example.com/thepage.htm)
  • DOI
  • Book Title
  • Edition
  • Editor
  • Publisher
  • Pages
  • URL (Leave blank if the ebook was accessed through the Massey Library. Use URL if freely available online. Search for the homepage of the source rather than use a password protected ezproxy address, e.g., www.example.com/thepage.htm)
  • DOI
  • Journal
  • Volume
  • Issue
  • Pages
  • URL (Include a URL that is openly accessible or omit the online information altogether.)
  • DOI
  • URL (Search for the homepage of the source rather than use a password protected ezproxy address, e.g., www.example.com/thepage.htm)
  • Short Title (the first few words if the title is long)
  • Newspaper
  • Pages
  • Issue Date
  • Newspaper
  • Pages
  • Issue Date
  • URL (Search for the homepage of the source rather than use a password protected ezproxy address, e.g., www.example.com/thepage.htm)
  • DOI (put the DOI in the URL, as the DOI field does not display for this reference type)
  • Magazine
  • Volume
  • Issue
  • Pages
  • Date (put the month, or the day and month)
  • URL (Search for the homepage of the source rather than use a password protected ezproxy address, e.g., www.example.com/thepage.htm)
  • DOI
  • Type
  • Report number
  • Series Title
  • Issue
  • Publisher
  • URL (Search for the homepage of the source rather than use a password protected ezproxy address, e.g., www.example.com/thepage.htm)
  • DOI (put the DOI in the URL, as the DOI field does not display for this reference type)

If the newspaper article is likely to change over time (e.g. a developing story that is likely to be updated) also include the following fields:

  • Access Date (e.g., November 12)
  • Access Year (e.g., 2020)

If the webpage is likely to change over time (e.g., a wiki page), also include the following fields:

  • Access Date (e.g., November 12)
  • Access Year (e.g., 2015)
  • Last Update Date

For information on and help with Endnote see:

  • Endnote
  • Endnote@Massey

Online source types

Many different types of source can be found online. "Web page" is only used as a last resort, if no other type is appropriate.

If your source is also a journal article, report, or other source type, choose that type instead. Specify that it was found online by selecting "Internet" as the medium.

For example, if your source is an online report PDF produced by a government department, choose "Report" as the type and "Internet" as the medium.

Page authorised by Director - Centre for Learner Success
Last 6 December, 2022

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