Chicago Interactive
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Select a type of source below to view customised interactive examples of how to format Chicago Style references and in-text citations.
Book
Edited book chapter
Journal article
Web page
Newspaper article
Magazine article
Report
Study material
Other types
Not sure
Only choose this type if there is no more specific description. More info.
Options
If you are new to referencing, we suggest you read introduction to referencing and Chicago style before making use of this tool.
- Bibliography
- Footnote
- More information
Example bibliography entry:
Smith, John D. Smith, John D., and Vikram Khan. Smith, John D., Vikram Khan, and Huan Zhang. Smith, John D., Vikram Khan, Huan Zhang, and Terry Williams. Smith, John D., Vikram Khan, Huan Zhang, Terry Williams, Juan Garcia, Yvonne Sato, Sally Dowman, et al. Ministry of Education. Research Ethics in New Zealand: A Student Guide. Rev. ed. 2nd ed. Wellington: Cambridge, MA: Dublin, Ireland: Rata Press, “Triangulating Results.” In Readings in Qualitative Research Design, edited by Gustav Schwartz and Una N. Owen, 15–59. Rev. ed. 2nd ed. Wellington: Cambridge, MA: Dublin, Ireland: Rata Press, 2009. n.d. “Māori Voices: Approaches to Bilingual Research.” Journal of Academic Methodologies 38, no. 3 (2009): (n.d.): 17–28. “Kindergartens and Childcare Centres in New Zealand.” Ministry of Education. Last revised March 23, 2018. https://example.com/thepage.htm. “Research Awards Draw Industry Attention.” Albany Times, January 12, 2009, 32. “Tertiary Funding Models in New Zealand.” Tertiary Education Magazine, January 12, 2009, January 2009, Winter 2009, 21–24. National Employment Predictions and Recommendations. Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment Report no. 122., Wellington: Cambridge, MA: Dublin, Ireland: Rata Press, 2009. (n.d.). https://www.example.com/. https://doi.org/10.1000/182.
Click on parts of the example (e.g., the author or year) for the format and location.
If the author is an organisation or group, use group author instead of no author.
If the document has a DOI, use Internet (DOI) instead of Internet. See DOI.
If you found the source through a database, use the journal's homepage URL.
- Paraphrase
- Quotation
- Source within a source
When paraphrasing, you put the source information into your own words and phrases. A superscript number (a little number to the top right of the reference) denotes the source, which is given in a footnote (or less commonly, an endnote) at the bottom of the page.
The author's name The authors' names All three authors' names For four tomore than ten authors, in a footnote citation give the first author's name and replace the other names with et al. (an abbreviation of the Latin et alia, meaning “and others”). In the bibliography, give all the authorsthe first seven authors followed by et al. The first author's name The group's name The book title, in place of the author, can be incorporated into the sentence, along with et al., with a superscript number to denote the rest of the reference:
A quotation is an exact copy of the wording used in an outside source.
A superscript number (a little number to the top right of the reference) denotes the source, which is given in a footnote (or less commonly, an endnote) at the bottom of the page. The author's name The authors' names For four tomore than ten authors, in the footnote give the first author's name and replace the other names with et al. (an abbreviation of the Latin et alia, meaning “and others”). In the bibliography, give all the authorsthe first seven authors followed by et al. The first author's name The source’s title, in place of the author, can be incorporated into the sentence, along with et al., with a superscript number to denote the rest of the reference. When quoting, you must provide a page number if one is available:
According to Smith1 Smith and Khan1 Smith, Khan, and Zhang1 Smith et al.1 the Ministry of Education1 Research Ethics1 “Trends”1 “Māori Voices”1 “Research Awards”1 “Tertiary Funding Models”1 National Employment1 "Kindergartens"1 “the best source of ….”
Or you can simply reference the authors in a footnote:
… was the case.”1
Many academic books and journal articles quote earlier books or articles on the same topic. If you cannot access the original source (it is out of print, or unavailable through the library), you can cite the secondary source instead.
In a footnote citation, use “quoted in …” to denote a secondary source. The Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed.) recommends mentioning the original author in the text, and giving details of both the original source and the secondary source (where you found the original author) in the footnote citation. Only the secondary source, however, is given in the bibliography:
Arnold's 1979 study of childhood obesity1 is a landmark in ….
Broadly speaking, in a footnote citation, all the reference elements are separated by commas with the publication details in brackets. The page number, if needed, is given after the bracketed publication details. Because web pages often have no page numbers, you should either use the paragraph number (use ‘para.’ instead of ‘p.’) or nothing at all.
A shortened form of the footnote may be given at first reference if the full reference is given in the bibliography (which almost all are). However, some lecturers prefer to see the full footnote citation the first time, and the shortened form used in subsequent citations. It is best to check with them about their preference. The shortened footnote involves the first author’s family nameauthors' family namesgroup name, along with et al.,et al., a shortened form of the bookchapterjournal articleweb pagemagazine articlereport title (up to four words), and page numberspecific page numbers (if needed)specific pagespecific page numbers:
1John D. Smith, 1John D. Smith and Vikram Khan, 1John D. Smith, Vikram Khan, and Huan Zhang, 1John D. Smith et al., 1John D. Smith et al., 1Ministry of Education, 1 “Triangulating Results,” Research Ethics in New Zealand: A Student Guide, in Research Ethics in New Zealand: A Student Guide, eds. Gustav Schwartz and Una N. Owen, Rev. ed. 2nd ed. (Wellington: (Cambridge, MA: (Dublin, Ireland: Rata Press, 2009), n.d.), 65. 14, “Māori Voices: Approaches to Bilingual Research,” Journal of Academic Methodologies 38, no. 3 (2009): (n.d.): 24.17–24, “Kindergartens and Childcare Centres in New Zealand,” Ministry of Education, last revised March 23, 2018, https://example.com/thepage.htm. “Research Awards Draw Industry Attention,” Albany Times, January 12, 2009, 32. “Tertiary Funding Models in New Zealand,” Tertiary Education Magazine, January 12, 2009, January 2009, Winter 2009, 23. National Employment Predictions and Recommendations, Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment Report no. 122, (Wellington, (Cambridge, MA: (Dublin, Ireland: Rata Press, 2009), n.d.), 32. 2009, n.d., https://example.com. https://doi.org/10.1000/182.
2Smith, 2Smith and Khan, 2Smith, Khan, and Zhang, 2Smith et al., 2Smith et al., 2Ministry of Education, 2 Research Ethics, “Triangulating Results,” 65. 14. “Māori voices: Approaches to,” 24.17–24, “Kindergartens and Childcare Centres.” “Research Awards.” 32. “Tertiary Funding Models.” 23. National Employment Predictions,. 32.
1James Arnold, Ethical Issues in Health Research (Oxford: Oxford Press, 1979), 98, quoted in John D. Smith, John D. Smith and Vikram Khan, John D. Smith, Vikram Khan, and Huan Zhang, John D. Smith et al., John D. Smith et al., Ministry of Education, “Triangulating Results,” in Research Ethics in New Zealand: A Student Guide, eds. Gustav Schwartz and Una N. Owen, Rev. ed. 2nd ed. (Wellington: (Cambridge, MA: (Dublin, Ireland: Rata Press, Learning Media, 2009), n.d.), 65. 14, “Māori voices: Approaches to Bilingual Research,” Journal of Academic Methodologies 38, no. 3 (2009): (n.d.): 24.17–24, “Kindergartens and Childcare Centres in New Zealand,” Ministry of Education, last revised March 23, 2018, https://example.com/thepage.htm. “Research Awards Draw Industry Attention,” Albany Times, January 12, 2009, 32. “Tertiary Funding Models in New Zealand,” Tertiary Education Magazine, January 12, 2009, January 2009, Winter 2009, 23. National Employment Predictions and Recommendations, Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment Report no. 122, (Wellington, (Cambridge, MA: (Dublin, Ireland: Rata Press, 2009), n.d.), 32. 2009, n.d., https://example.com. https://doi.org/10.1000/182.
Bibliography
Entries are listed in alphabetical order at the end of the assignment.
- Bibliography format
- Referencing books Referencing chapters in edited books Referencing journal articles Referencing web pages Referencing newspaper articles Referencing magazine articles Referencing reports
Notes and in-text citation
In-text citations are used in the body of the assignment.
Your course coordinator or lecturer provides material for you to study as part of your course.
Outside material
Some of the material your course coordinator/lecturer provides for you originates outside the course. Common types of sources include books, edited book chapters, journal articles, and reports.
This material should be referenced according to its original source type. For example, if the material is an article from a journal, then reference it normally as a journal article.
If you are unsure what type of source it is see What type of source is this? or ask your lecturer.
Material from the lecturer
Usually, some materials will have been created by the course coordinator or lecturer specially for the course. This can include study guides and lecture notes.
You should avoid using this material directly in your assignments.
Many course/coordinator/lecturers prefer you to read and refer to outside academic sources rather than just referencing the course material. Using outside academic sources demonstrates that you can explore the topic yourself. So, where possible try and research the concepts/ideas/theories covered in your course and reference those outside sources instead. A good place to find academic sources is the Massey library Discover database.
In order to correctly reference material, you first need to identify the type of source: is it a book, a journal, or something else? Some other types of source are listed below.
If your source type isn't liked below, What type of source is this? has more on identifying source types.
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Books are printed and bound documents on a particular topic or set of topics. |
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Edited books are books containing writing by several different authors. Typically, each chapter is written by a different author, and the whole compilation is organised by a named editor. |
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Journals are periodically published collections of academic articles on a particular subject. |
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Web pages are online documents found on the World Wide Web. Only choose this type if there is no more specific description. More info. |
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Newspapers are daily or weekly publications that focus on news and current events. |
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Magazines are periodical publications of general interest or technical articles on a particular subject. |
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Reports are official numbered publications analysing an issue or situation. |
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Study material is provided by your lecturer for you to study as part of your course. |
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Other types include encyclopædias, online video, theses, conference proceedings, and more. |
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What type of source is this? has more on this topic. |
Quoted source author
The person who wrote the quoted source.
Format
In a full footnote, give the author’s name in the order of first name/initials family name, followed by a comma.
In the shortened footnote, only the author’s surname is given, followed by a comma.
Do not include titles or academic achievement (e.g., Dr. or PhD).
Where is it?
In the reference list of the source where you have found the secondary source.
More information
Author
The person who wrote the bookchapterarticleweb pagereport.
Format
The author's surname comes first, followed by a comma and the author's first name or initial/s. End with a full stop.
Do not include titles or academic achievement (e.g., Dr. or PhD).
Where is it?
On the cover of the book, or on the title page.At the start of the chapter, near the title, or in the book's table of contents.At the start of the article, near the title, or in the journal's table of contents.Near the title, at the bottom of the web page (as part of a copyright notice), or on the website's About page.As a byline at the start or end of the article.As a byline at the start or end of the report.
More information
Two authors
The people who wrote the bookchapterarticleweb pagereport.
Format
Give the family name of the first author, followed by their first name (or initials if their first name is unknown). Add a comma then the second author's name in the order of first name (or initial) family name. Put an and between the first and second author. End with a full stop.
Where is it?
On the cover of the book, or on the title page.At the start of the chapter, near the title, or in the book's table of contents.At the start of the article, near the title, or in the journal's table of contents.Near the title, at the bottom of the web page (as part of a copyright notice), or on the website's About page.As a byline at the start or end of the article.On the report's title page.
More information
Three authors
The people who wrote the bookchapterarticleweb pagereport.
Format
Give the family name of the first author, a comma, then their first name or initials. List all the other authors' names in the order of first name family name with commas between and an and before the last author’s name. End with a full stop.
Where is it?
On the cover of the book, or on the title page.At the start of the chapter, near the title, or in the book's table of contents.At the start of the article, near the title, or in the journal's table of contents.Near the title, at the bottom of the web page (as part of a copyright notice), or on the website's About page.As a byline at the start or end of the article.On the report's title page.
More information
Four to ten authors
The people who wrote the bookchapterarticleweb pagereport.
Format
Give the family name of the first author, a comma, then their first name or initials. List all the other authors' names in the order of first name family name with commas between and an and before the last author’s name. End with a full stop.
Where is it?
On the cover of the book, or on the title page.At the start of the chapter, near the title, or in the book's table of contents.At the start of the article, near the title, or in the journal's table of contents.Near the title, at the bottom of the web page (as part of a copyright notice), or on the website's About page.As a byline at the start or end of the article.On the report's title page.
More information
10+ authors
The people who wrote the bookchapterarticleweb pagereport.
Format
Give the family name of the first author, followed by their first name and/or initial/s, a comma, then the next six authors in the order of first name family name, with commas between. The 7th author is followed by et al.
Do not include titles (e.g., Dr.).
Where is it?
On the cover of the book, or on the title page.At the start of the chapter, near the title, or in the book's table of contents.At the start of the article, near the title, or in the journal's table of contents.Near the title, at the bottom of the web page (as part of a copyright notice), or on the website's About page.As a byline at the start or end of the article.On the report's title page.
More information
Group or organisational author
A group or organisational author is used only when there is no individually named author available.
Government departments, corporations, universities, and charities are all examples of group authors.
Format
Write out the group's name in full (don't abbreviate). End with a full stop.
Where is it?
In the same places as an individual author.
More information
Original source year of publication
The year the source was published or released.
Format
Write in brackets, after publisher details.
More information
Year of publication
The year the bookworkarticleweb pagereport was published or released.
Format
Give the year of publication after the publisher.
Write in brackets, after the volume and/or issue information.
If the season or month is given, include this in the brackets before the year, with no intervening punctuation:
Nobel, Jaap, W. “Morgenthau's Struggle with Power: The Theory of Power Politics and the Cold War.” Review of International Studies 21, no. 1 (September 1992): 61-85.
Nobel, Jaap, W. “Morgenthau's Struggle with Power: The Theory of Power Politics and the Cold War.” Review of International Studies 21, no. 1 (Winter 1992): 61-85.
Put a colon after the closing bracket if the page numbers follow.
If no page numbers are given, add a full stop.
Give the month (which can be abbreviated) and date, then a comma and the year. For news stories that are unfolding and likely to be updated, a time and time zone can also be given. End with a full stop:
January 14, 2019, 3:51p.m., NZST.
Where is it?
On the copyright page, inside the front cover of the book. Look for the copyright (©) year. The year might also be listed in the Massey Library catalogue.
On the journal's title page. The year may also be part of the header or footer of each page.
Use the copyright (©) year or Last Updated year, usually found at the bottom of the page.
On the report's title page. The year may also be part of the header or footer of each page.
Usually under the article title.
More information
No year of publication
n.d. (for “no date”) is used if no year is available.
Format
Use n.d. in the place of a year of publication following a comma after publisher details.
Use n.d. in the place of a year of publication, in brackets. Put a colon after the closing bracket if the page numbers follow.
If no page numbers are given, add a full stop.
More information
BookChapter title
The name of the bookspecific chapter of the book.
Format
Write in full, in italics. All major words (usually those over three letters) begin with a capital letter.
Where is it?
On the cover, and on the title page.At the start of the chapter (near the author's name) or in the book's table of contents.
More information
BookChapter title
The name of the bookspecific chapter of the book.
Format
Give in shortened form (the first four words), inwithout italics.
All words in the shortened title should begin with an upper-case letter except for minor functional words (e.g., a, the, and, but, in, of, to).
Where is it?
On the cover, and on the title page.At the start of the chapter (near the author's name) or in the book's table of contents.
More information
Book title (edited book)
The name of the book.
Format
Precede the book title with the word in. Write in full, in italics. All major words (usually those over three letters) begin with a capital letter.
Where is it?
At the start of the chapter (near the author's name) or in the book's table of contents.
More information
City of publication (NZ)
The location of the book'sreport's publisher.
Format
If the city is well known, give only the city followed by a colon then the name of the publisher. If the city is not well known, also give the country.
Where is it?
On the copyright page, inside the front cover of the bookreport.
Look for the publisher's physical address. Do not use the printer's address. If there are several cities listed, use the first.
The city might also be listed in the Massey Library catalogue.
More information
City of publication (US)
The location of the book'sreport's publisher.
Format
Put the city and two-letter state abbreviation (e.g., CA for California), separating them with a comma. End with a colon.
Where is it?
On the copyright page, inside the front cover of the bookreport.
Look for the publisher's physical address. Do not use the printer's address. If there are several cities listed, use the first.
The city might also be listed in the Massey Library catalogue.
More information
City of publication (Other)
The location of the book'sreport's publisher.
Format
Put the city and country in full, separating them with a comma. End with a colon.
Where is it?
On the copyright page, inside the front cover of the bookreport.
Look for the publisher's physical address. Do not use the printer's address. If there are several cities listed, use the first.
The city might also be listed in the Massey Library catalogue.
More information
Publisher
The name of the company that published the bookreport.
Format
Give the name of the publisher. If the publisher name and the group author name are the same, write ‘Author’ here instead.
Do not include legal terms or superfluous terms such as Inc., & Co., Pty., and Publishers. You should, however, keep Press and Books.
Where is it?
On the copyright page, inside the front cover of the bookreport. On the spine or cover of the bookreport.
The publisher might also be listed in the Massey Library catalogue.
More information
Chapter title
The name of the specific chapter of the book.
Format
Write in full, without italics, inside double quotation marks. End with a full stop inside the closing quotation marks.
All words in the title should begin with an upper-case letter except for minor functional words (e.g., a, the, and, but, in, of, to). If there is a title and subtitle, put a colon between the two unless the title ends with a question mark or exclamation mark.
Where is it?
At the start of the chapter (near the author's name) or in the book's table of contents.
More information
Book title (edited book)
The name of the book
Format
Precede the book title with the word In. Write the full title, in italics. All major words (usually those over three letters) begin with a capital letter. End with a comma followed by editor details.
Where is it?
On the cover, and on the title page.
More information
Editor(s)
The person(s) who compiled and prepared the chapters for publication.
Format
Add a comma after the book title, then give the editor details beginning with edited by. Give the editor/s name/s in the order of first name family name.
Where is it?
On the cover of the book, or on the title page.
More information
Editor(s)
The person(s) who compiled and prepared the chapters for publication.
Format
Add a comma after the book title, then give the editor/s details beginning with ed. or eds. (if more than one editor). Give the editor/s name/s in the order of first name family name.
Where is it?
On the cover of the book, or on the title page.
More information
Chapter page range
The first and last page of the chapter being cited.
Format
Use a comma after editor details and give the chapter page range. Do not use p. or pp. to denote page range. End with a full stop.
Where is it?
The first page number of the chapter, usually containing the title and introduction.
The final page number of the chapter, usually containing the end of the references or footnotes.
More information
Article title (journal)
The name of the specific article in the journal.
Format
Write in full, without italics, within double quotation marks. End with a full stop within the end quotation mark.
All words in a title should begin with an upper-case letter except for minor functional words (e.g., a, the, and, but, in, of, to, etc.). If there is a title and subtitle, put a colon between the two unless the title ends with a question mark or exclamation mark.
Where is it?
At the start of the article (near the author's name) or in the journal issue's table of contents.
More information
Article title (journal)
The name of the specific article in the journal.
Format
Write in full, without italics, within double quotation marks. All major words (usually those over three letter) begin with a capital letter. End with a comma inside the closing quotation marks.
Where is it?
At the start of the article (near the author's name) or in the journal issue's table of contents.
More information
Article title (journal)
The name of the specific article in the journal.
Format
Give in shortened form (the first four words), without italics, inside double quotation marks. All major words (usually those over three letter) begin with a capital letter. End with a comma inside the closing quotation marks if page numbers follow.
If no page numbers are given, add a full stop inside the closing quotation marks.
Where is it?
At the start of the article (near the author's name) or in the journal issue's table of contents.
More information
Journal title
The name of the journal.
Format
Write in italics. All words in a title should begin with an upper-case letter except for minor functional words (e.g., a, the, and, but, in, of, to, etc.). If there is a title and subtitle, put a colon between the two unless the title ends with a question mark or exclamation mark.
Punctuation following the journal title depends on what information is available. If the volume number follows the italicised journal title, don’t add a comma:
Nobel, Jaap, W. “Morgenthau's Struggle with Power: The Theory of Power Politics and the Cold War.” Review of International Studies 21, no. 1 (1992): 61-85.
If only the issue number is given, add a comma after the title:
Nobel, Jaap, W. “Morgenthau's Struggle with Power: The Theory of Power Politics and the Cold War.” Review of International Studies, no. 1 (1992): 61-85.
Where is it?
On the cover or title page of the issue. Often on the top (header) or bottom (footer) of every page.
The title often (but not always) has words like ‘Journal’ or ‘Studies’ in it.
Journal titles can be found using Massey Library's catalogue search.
More information
Volume number
The volume number refers to a set of issues. It is usually related to the year of publication: volume 7 of a journal would include issues published in the 7th year of that journal's existence.
Format
Add the volume number after the title without intervening punctuation.
Punctuation following the volume number depends on what information is available.
If the volume number is immediately followed by an issue number, follow the volume number with a colon:
Nobel, Jaap, W. “Morgenthau's Struggle with Power: The Theory of Power Politics and the Cold War.” Review of International Studies 21, no. 1 (1992): 61-85.
If the volume number is immediately followed by the publication date in brackets, no intervening punctuation is added:
Nobel, Jaap, W. “Morgenthau's Struggle with Power: The Theory of Power Politics and the Cold War.” Review of International Studies 21 (1992): 61-85.
If the volume number is immediately followed by the page numbers, add a colon after the volume number with no intervening space:
Nobel, Jaap, W. “Morgenthau's Struggle with Power: The Theory of Power Politics and the Cold War.” Review of International Studies 21:61-85.
Where is it?
On the cover, copyright / title page, table of contents of the issue. Often on the top (header) or bottom (footer) of every page, after the journal title.
More information
Issue number
Each issue of a journal is allocated a number. It usually indicates when in the year it was published: issue 3 of a journal would be the 3rd issue published that year.
Format
Add no., then a space, then the number.
Punctuation following the issue number depends on what information is available.
If the issue number is immediately followed by the publication date in brackets, no intervening punctuation is added after the issue number:
Nobel, Jaap, W. “Morgenthau's Struggle with Power: The Theory of Power Politics and the Cold War.” Review of International Studies 21, no. 1 (1992): 61-85.
If the issue number is immediately followed by the page numbers, add a comma (not a colon) after the issue number:
Nobel, Jaap, W. “Morgenthau's Struggle with Power: The Theory of Power Politics and the Cold War.” Review of International Studies, no. 1, 61-85.
Where is it?
On the cover, copyright / title page, table of contents of the issue. Often on the top (header) or bottom (footer) of every page, after the volume number.
More information
Page number
The page/s the paraphrased or quoted information appears on.
Format
Give the specific page number/s followed by a full stop.
Do not use p. or pp. to denote page range.
Where is it?
On the top (header) or bottom (footer) of the page.
More information
Web page title
The name or heading of the web page.
Format
Write in full, without italics, inside double quotation marks. End with a full stop inside the closing quotation marks for a bibliography entry; for a footnote entry, end with a comma. All words in a title should begin with an upper-case letter except for minor functional words (e.g., a, the, and, but, in, of, to). If there is a title and subtitle, put a colon between the two unless the title ends with a question mark or exclamation mark.
Where is it?
Use the heading of the web page.
If there is no heading, use whatever appears in the title bar of your browser (usually at the very top of the screen).
More information
Web page title
The name or heading of the web page.
Format
Give in shortened form (the first four words), without italics, inside double quotation marks. End with a full stop inside the closing quotation marks. All words in a title should begin with an upper-case letter except for minor functional words (e.g., a, the, and, but, in, of, to).
Where is it?
Use the heading of the web page.
If there is no heading, use whatever appears in the title bar of your browser (usually at the very top of the screen).
More information
URL address
The location of the web page / web document.
Format
Write in full. End with a full stop.
Where is it?
Copy from the address bar of your web browser.
The URL address usually begins with http://
Don't include an address that requires a password to access (e.g., a URL pointing to Stream or an article database). Instead, use the URL of the publishing body (e.g., the journal's homepage).
More information
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
The Digital Object Identifier is a unique number allocated to an online publication. It is often used to identify online journal articles and other online documents.
Format
Write https://doi.org/ and then the number in full, including any punctuation such as slashes or full stops. End with a full stop.
Where is it?
If an online source has a DOI it will be identified with the copyright information.
The DOI may also be part of the online citation for the source.
More information
Digital object identifier (DOI)
The DOI can be looked up via http://www.crossref.org/
Newspaper article title
The name of the specific article in the newspaper.
Format
Write in full. All words in the article title should begin with an uppercase letter except minor words like and, in, and the.
Put the title in double quotation marks. End with a full stop inside the closing quotation marks for a bibliography entry; for a footnote entry, end with a comma.
More information
Newspaper article title
The name of the specific article in the newspaper.
Format
Give in shortened form (the first four words), without italics, within double quotation marks.
More information
Newspaper title
The name of the newspaper.
Format
Write in italics, end with a comma.
All words in the article title should begin with an uppercase letter except minor words like and, in, and the.
In Chicago style, The is omitted from the title of a newspaper:
Evening Standard
Dominion Press
For lesser known national papers, add the city name in brackets after the title:
Press (Christchurch)
Tribune (Manawatu)
More information
Page number
The page/s the paraphrased or quoted information appears on.
Format
Give the specific page number/s followed by a full stopcomma.
Do not use p. or pp. to denote page range.
Where is it?
On the top (header) or bottom (footer) of the page.
More information
Article title (magazine)
The name of the specific article in the magazine.
Format
Titles of magazine articles are treated like title of journal articles: write in full, without italics, within double quotation marks. End with a full stop inside the closing quotation marks for a bibliography entry; for a footnote entry, end with a comma.
All words in a title should begin with an upper-case letter except for minor functional words (e.g., a, the, and, but, in, of, to, etc.). If there is a title and subtitle, put a colon between the two unless the title ends with a question mark or exclamation mark.
Titles of regular departments in a magazine are capitalized headline-style but not put in quotation marks:
Hutchinson, Alex. “Quad Goals.” Fast Lane. Runner’s World, October 2017.
Where is it?
At the start of the article, in large text.
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Article title (magazine)
The name of the specific article in the magazine.
Format
Give in shortened form (the first four words), without italics, within double quotation marks.
Where is it?
At the start of the article, in large text.
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Magazine title
The name of the magazine.
Format
Write in italics, end with a comma.
All words in the name should begin with an uppercase letter except minor words like ‘and,’ ‘in,’ and ‘the’. If there is a title and subtitle, put a colon between the two unless the title ends with a question mark or exclamation mark.
Where is it?
On the cover or title page of the issue. Often on the top (header) or bottom (footer) of every page.
Magazine titles can be found using Massey Library catalogue search.
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Magazine article page range
The first and last page of the article being cited.
Format
In Chicago style, it is not necessary to include the page range for magazine articles in the bibliography entry, since they are often interrupted by advertising material.
If included, add a comma (not a colon) after the date of issue. Put a dash between the first page number and the last page number. End with a full stop.
Note: p. or pp. is not used before the article page number or range.
Where is it?
The first page number of the article, usually containing the title and introduction.
The final page number of the article.
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Page number
The page/s the paraphrased or quoted information appears on.
Format
Give the specific page number/s followed by a full comma.
Do not use p. or pp. to denote page range.
Where is it?
On the top (header) or bottom (footer) of the page.
Newspaper article page range
The first and last page of the article being cited.
Format
To give a page number or range, add a comma (not a colon) after the date of issue. Give the page number or put a dash between the first page number and the last page number. End with a full stop.
Note: p. or pp. is not used before the article page number or range.
Where is it?
The first page number of the article, usually containing the title and introduction.
The final page number of the article.
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Web page title
The name or heading of the web page.
Format
Write in full. If the web page stands alone, put the title in italics. If it is part of a larger section (e.g., a blog post) do not put it in italics.
Put a colon between the title and any subtitle, whether the original source uses it or not.
Use an uppercase letter for the first word of the title, the first word of any subtitle, and any proper nouns (the names of places, people, organisations, etc.).
Where is it?
Use the heading of the web page.
If there is no heading, use whatever appears in the title bar of your browser (usually at the very top of the screen).
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Revised edition
Indicates a newer version of an existing book, usually correcting errors and introducing additional material.
Format
Write Rev. ed. End with a full stop.
Where is it?
On the cover, copyright page, title page of the book.
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Later edition
Indicates a later version of an existing book, usually correcting errors and introducing additional material.
Format
Write the number of the edition (e.g., 2nd, 3rd), followed by ed. Do not use superscript for th or nd. End with a full stop.
Where is it?
On the cover, copyright page, title page of the book.
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Publication date (newspaper)
The date that the newspaper was published or released.
Format
Write in brackets. Write the year, then a comma, then the month and day. Put a full stop after the closing bracket.
Where is it?
On the front page of the newspaper, in the masthead.Near the article title or author information (byline).
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Frequency date (weekly)
The date that the magazine was published or released.
Format
Add a comma after the magazine title. Write the month and day, then a comma, then the year.
Weekly or monthly (or bimonthly) magazines, even if numbered by volume and issue, are usually cited by date only. The date, being an essential element in the citation, is not enclosed in parentheses.
Where is it?
On the cover or title page of the magazine.Near the article title or author information (byline).
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Frequency date (monthly)
The month that the magazine was published or released.
Format
Add a comma after the magazine title. Write the month then the year.
Weekly or monthly (or bimonthly) magazines, even if numbered by volume and issue, are usually cited by date only. The date, being an essential element in the citation, is not enclosed in parentheses.
Where is it?
On the cover or title page of the magazine.Near the article title or author information (byline).
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Frequency date (quarterly)
The month or season that the quarterly / seasonal magazine was published or released.
Format
Add a comma after the magazine title. Write the season then the year.
Weekly or monthly (or bimonthly) magazines, even if numbered by volume and issue, are usually cited by date only. The date, being an essential element in the citation, is not enclosed in parentheses.
Where is it?
On the cover or title page of the magazine.Near the article title or author information (byline).
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Report title
The name of the report.
Format
Write in full, in italics, with major words (over three letters) beginning with a capital letter.
Where is it?
On the cover, the title page, and/or the copyright page.
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Report title
The name of the report.
Format
Give in shortened form (the first four words), in italics. All major words (usually those over three letter) begin with a capital letter.
Where is it?
On the cover, the title page, and/or the copyright page.
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Report identification number
Reports are often produced in series, and each report is assigned an identification number.
Format
Write the number descriptor (report number, contract number, monograph number, etc.), then the number itself.
If there is no identifying number, simply put the full stop or comma after the report title.
Where is it?
On the cover, title page, or copyright page of the report.
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Source or sponsor of the report
Reports are often commissioned by an organisation which may or may not also be the author. Organisations or websites may also host a report and this detail should be included in your citation.
Format
Give the name of the organisation or website after the report title. Capitalise the beginning of major words (over three letters).
Where is it?
On the cover, title page, or copyright page of the report.
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Owner or sponsor of website
The owner or sponsor of the website.
Format
Write in full (without italics). All major words in the name should begin with uppercase letters. End with a full stop for a bibliography entry, and a comma for a footnote entry.
Where is it?
The owner or sponsor of the website is often a logo somewhere near the top of the web page. When an author cannot be identified, the owner or sponsor of the hosting website may (but not always) be used as a group author.
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Access, revision or modification date
When there is no publication, revision or last modified date, give an access date.
For frequently updated resources, such as unfolding news stories that may be frequently updated, include a time stamp with a time zone (see example).
Format
Use a capital letter and end with a full stop for a bibliography entry, and use a lowercase letter and end with a comma for a footnote citation. Give the date in order of month and day with no intervening punctuation then a comma and the year.
Where is it?
Usually at the bottom of the web page but sometimes at the top of the page with the author details.
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Author
If citing in text, usually only the author’s family name is given.
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Authors
Separate author names with commas, adding and before the final author's surname.
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Authors
Only the first author's surname is included. All other authors are replaced with et al.
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Group author
The group author's name should be identical to the name used in the Bibliography.
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Book title
A shortened version of the book title appears in the in-text citation, in italics.
Usually the first few words of the title are used – enough to uniquely identify the source.
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Chapter / article title
A shortened version of the chapterarticle title appears in the in-text citation, inside quotation marks.
Usually the first few words of the title are used – enough to uniquely identify the source.
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Report title
A shortened version of the report title appears in the in-text citation, in italics.
Usually the first few words of the title are used – enough to uniquely identify the source.
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Web page title
A shortened version of the web page title appears in the in-text citation.
If the title appears in italics in the reference list, it should appear in italics here. If it appears inside quotation marks, then it should appear inside quotation marks here.
Usually the first few words of the title are used – enough to uniquely identify the source.
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Author
In a full footnote, give the author’s name in the order of first name/initials family name, followed by a comma.
In the shortened footnote, only the author’s surname is given, followed by a comma.
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2 authors
In a full footnote, give the authors’ names in the order of first name/initials family name with and between them but no punctuation.
In the shortened footnote, give both authors’ family names only, separated with an and.
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Secondary source's 2 authors
These are the author’s of the source that you have seen directly that is quoting another source.
The Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed .) recommends mentioning the original author in the text, and giving details of both the original source and the secondary source (where you found the original author) in the footnote citation and bibliography. Only the secondary source, however, is given in the bibliography.
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3 authors
In a full footnote, give the authors’ names in the order of first name/initials family name. Separate with commas. Add and before the final author.
In the shortened footnote, given all authors’ family names only. Separate with a commas. Add and before the final author.
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Secondary source's 3 authors
These are the author’s of the source that you have seen directly that is quoting another source.
The Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed .) recommends mentioning the original author in the text, and giving details of both the original source and the secondary source (where you found the original author) in the footnote citation and bibliography. Only the secondary source, however, is given in the bibliography.
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Four to ten authors
In a full footnote, give the first author’s name in the order of first name/initials family name, and replace the other names with et al. (an abbreviation of the Latin et alia, meaning “and others”).
In the shortened footnote, give the first author’s family name followed by et al.
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Secondary source's four to ten authors
These are the author’s of the source that you have seen directly that is quoting another source.
The Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed .) recommends mentioning the original author in the text, and giving details of both the original source and the secondary source (where you found the original author) in the footnote citation and bibliography. Only the secondary source, however, is given in the bibliography.
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10+ authors
In a full footnote, give the first author’s name in the order of first name/initials family name, followed by a comma and et al.
In the shortened footnote, give the first author’s family name followed by et al.
More information
Secondary source's 10+ authors
These are the author’s of the source that you have seen directly that is quoting another source.
The Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed .) recommends mentioning the original author in the text, and giving details of both the original source and the secondary source (where you found the original author) in the footnote citation and bibliography. Only the secondary source, however, is given in the bibliography.
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Group author
The group author's name should be identical to the name used in the Bibliography.
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Year
The year of publication should be identical to the year used in the bibliography.
In the footnote, the year is put in brackets along with the city of publication, and publisher. Months, days, and seasons are not included in the in-text citation, even if they appear with the year in the reference list.
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No year of publication
As in the reference list, if there is no year of publication ‘n.d.’ should be used in its place. It should always be in brackets.
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Page number/s
The page number/s appear after the publication information, outside of the brackets, followed by a full stop.
Sometimes, page numbers are not available so this detail can be omitted. Alternatively, section headings can be used, as can ‘chap.’ to denote chapter, ‘sec.’ to denote section, or ‘para’ or ‘¶’ to denote which paragraph is being cited. These locating abbreviations are only used for footnote citations and are not included in the bibliography.
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Quoted source author
This is the source that you have not seen directly, but that has been quoted in another source. This source does not appear in the bibliography. The Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed.) recommends mentioning the original author in the text, and giving details of both the original source and the secondary source (where you found the original author) in the footnote citation and bibliography. Only the secondary source, however, is given in the bibliography.
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“Quoted in”
If you cannot access the original source (it is out of print, or unavailable through the library), you can cite the secondary source instead. In a footnote citation, use “quoted in …” to denote a secondary source. The Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed.) recommends mentioning the original author in the text, and giving details of both the original source and the secondary source (where you found the original author) in the footnote citation and bibliography. Only the secondary source, however, is given in the bibliography.
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Secondary source's author
This is the author of the source that you have seen directly, and is quoting another source.
The Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed.) recommends mentioning the original author in the text, and giving details of both the original source and the secondary source (where you found the original author) in the footnote citation and bibliography. Only the secondary source, however, is given in the bibliography.
More information
Original source's page numbers
The original source’s page number/s appear after the publication information, outside of the brackets, followed by a comma and then the details of the secondary source.
Sometimes, page numbers are not available so this detail can be omitted. Alternatively, section headings can be used, as can ‘chap.’ to denote chapter, ‘sec.’ to denote section, or ‘para’ or ‘¶’ to denote which paragraph is being cited. These locating abbreviations are only used for footnote citations and are not included in the bibliography.
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Secondary source's page numbers
The secondary source's page number/s appear after the publication information, outside of the brackets, followed by a full stop.
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Secondary source's book title
The secondary source’s title has all major words capitalised and is italicised.
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Original source's book title
The original source’s title has all major words capitalised and is italicised.
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Original source's publisher
The original source’s publisher appears in brackets along with the place of publication and year of publication.
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Secondary source's publisher
The secondary source’s publisher appears in brackets along with the place of publication and year of publication.
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Original source's place of publication
The original source’s place of publication appears in brackets along with the publisher’s name and year of publication.
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Secondary source's place of publication
The secondary source’s place of publication appears in brackets along with the publisher’s name and year of publication.
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Original source's year of publication
The original source’s year of publication appears in brackets along with the publisher’s name and place of publication.
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Secondary source's year of publication
This is the year of publication of the source that you have seen directly, the source that is quoting another source. The year of publication appears in brackets along with the publisher’s name and place of publication.
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First author's name and ‘et al.’
When there are three or more authors, after the first time they have been cited only the first author's name is used, along with ‘et al.’ (a Latin phrase meaning “and others”).
If the author's name is in brackets, put a comma immediately after the full stop in ‘et al.’.
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EndNote fields
If you are using the EndNote programme, use the following EndNote type:
- Book
- Electronic Book section
- JournalElectronic article
- Web page
- Newspaper article
- JournalElectronic article
- Report
This is the set of fields to enter. If you are missing any of these fields (e.g., the author name), simply omit:
-
Author
Reporter
Reporters
Author names can be entered in normal order (first name/s family name) or inverted order (family name, first name/s). Add full stops after any initials. Take care not to add spaces on the end of the name and/or initials.
E.g.,
John D. Smith
Smith, John D.
For multiple authors/editors, type each individual author/editor on a separate line (press Enter to get a new line).
E.g.,
John D. Smith
Vikram Khan A group or organisational author is used only when there is no individually named author available. Government departments, corporations, universities, and charities are all examples of group authors.
Write out the group's or organisation’s name in full (don't abbreviate). End with a comma to ensure it is displayed correctly.
E.g.,
Ministry of Education, -
Year
If no year is available, enter n.d. (meaning "no date").
Do not add extra punctuation like parentheses around the year. EndNote will add punctuation and formatting as appropriate for your selected style. -
Title
For Chicago style, all words in a title should begin with an upper-case letter except for minor functional words (e.g., a, the, and, but, in, of, to). If there is a title and subtitle, put a colon between the two unless the title ends with a question mark or exclamation mark.
Do not add any other punctuation or text styles to the reference information (e.g., bold or italics). EndNote will add the punctuation and formatting including correct title case as appropriate for your selected style.
Chicago suggests treating corporate and government reports like books. EndNote Report Reference Type does not include a field to include a number/type e.g. Working Paper 7, so include this in the title. -
Editor
Editor/s names can be entered in normal order (first name/s family name) or inverted order (family name, first name/s). Add full stops after any initials. Take care not to add spaces on the end of the name and/or initials.
E.g.,
John D. Smith
Smith, John D.
For multiple authors/editors, type each individual author/editor on a separate line (press Enter to get a new line).
E.g.,
John D. Smith
Vikram Khan -
Book Title
For Chicago style, all words in a title should begin with an upper-case letter except for minor functional words (e.g., a, the, and, but, in, of, to). If there is a title and subtitle, put a colon between the two unless the title ends with a question mark or exclamation mark.
Do not add any other punctuation or text styles to the reference information (e.g., bold or italics). EndNote will add the punctuation and formatting including correct title case as appropriate for your selected style. -
Journal
All words in a journal title should begin with an upper-case letter except for minor functional words (e.g. a, the, and, but, in, of, to). If there is a title and subtitle, put a colon between the two unless the title ends with a question mark or exclamation mark. - Volume
- Issue
-
Series title
Enter the title/description of site as a whole. -
Publisher
Enter details of owner or sponsor of site (if needed). - Access year (only needed if no publication/revision/modification date available)
-
Access date (only needed if no publication/revision/modification date available)
Use the form: month day
E.g., February 2. -
Last update date
Enter the publication/revision/modification or access date in the form: month day, year.
E.g.,
February 2, 2018 - Newspaper
- Magazine
-
Place published
If the city is well known, give only the city. If the city is not well known, also give the country. -
Institution
The organisation is the Publisher - use Institution only if there is a clear subdivision responsible, e.g. National Library (Dept of Internal affairs). -
Publisher
Omit abbreviations like Inc., & Co., Pty., and Publishers. You should, however, keep Press and Books. - Edition
-
Pages
Put a dash between the first page number and the last page number.
E.g., 62 or 61-85 -
Pages
Put a dash between the first page number and the last page number.
E.g., 62 or 61-85 -
Issue Date
Use the form: month day, year.
E.g.,
January 12, 2009 -
Date
Use the form: month day, year.
E.g.,
January 12, 2009 Use the form: month year.
E.g.,
January 2009 Use the form: season year.
E.g.,
Winter 2009 -
URL
Search for the homepage of the source rather than use a password protected ezproxy address, e.g., https://www.example.com/thepage.htm -
DOI
Check the URL field is empty, otherwise it will display as well.
If the webpage is likely to change over time (e.g., a wiki page), also include the following fields:
- Access Date (e.g., November 12)
- Access Year (e.g., 2015)
For information on and help with Endnote see:
Online source types
Many different types of source can be found online. ‘Web page’ is only used as a last resort, if no other type is appropriate.
If your source is also a journal article, report, or other source type, choose that type instead. Specify that it was found online by selecting ‘Internet’ as the medium.
For example, if your source is an online report PDF produced by a government department, choose ‘Report’ as the type and ‘Internet’ as the medium.