APA Interactive (7th ed.)
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Select a type of source below to view customised interactive examples of how to format APA Style references and in-text citations.
Book
Edited book chapter
Journal article
Web page
Newspaper article
Magazine article
Report
Study material
Other types
Not sure
Only choose this type if there is no more specific description. More info.
Options
If you are new to referencing, we suggest you read introduction to referencing and APA style before making use of this tool.
- Reference list
- In-text citation
- More information
Example reference list entry:
Smith, J. D. Smith, J. D., & Khan, V. Smith, J. D., Khan, V., & Zhang, H. Smith, J. D., Khan, V., Zhang, H., Williams, T., Garcia, J., Sato, Y., Thompson, D., Taylor, F. G., McDonald, L., Laine, C., Arnott, A., Fisher, V., Derryck, W., Young, N., Creswell, I., Greene, P., Walsh, Dubois, T., Wright, B., … Roach, C. Ministry of Education. Research ethics in New Zealand: A student guide. Research ethics in New Zealand: A student guide (Rev. ed.). (2nd ed.). Trends in discourse analysis. Māori voices: Approaches to bilingual research. Kindergartens and childcare centres in New Zealand. Research awards draw industry attention. Tertiary funding models in New Zealand. National employment predictions and recommendations (Report No. 122). (2022). (n.d.). (2009, January 12). (2022, January 12). (2022, January). (2022, Winter). Research ethics in New Zealand: A student guide. Research ethics in New Zealand: A student guide (Rev. ed.). (2nd ed.). Rata Press. Trends in discourse analysis. In G. Schwartz & U. N. Owen (Eds.), Readings in qualitative research design (pp. 15–59). (Rev. ed., (2nd ed., pp. 15–59). Rata Press. Māori voices: Approaches to bilingual research. Journal of Academic Methodologies, 38(3), 17–28. Kindergartens and childcare centres in New Zealand. Ministry of Education. http://www.example.com/thepage.htm Research awards draw industry attention. Albany Times, 22. Tertiary funding models in New Zealand. Tertiary Education Magazine, 21(1), 21–24. National employment predictions and recommendations (Report No. 122). Rata Press. Rata Press. http://www.example.com/ Rata Press. https://doi.org/10.1000/182
Click on parts of the example (e.g., the author or year) for the format and location.
If no individual author is named,
the source may be written by a group or organisation. This is often true for collaborative or official works from government departments, corporations, or other organisations.
If the author is an organisation or group, use "group author" instead of "no author."
If the article has a DOI, select the medium "Internet (DOI)" instead of print from the drop down list above. See DOI for an explanation.
If the document has a DOI, use "Internet (DOI)" instead of "Internet." See DOI.
The earlier (6th) edition of APA formats this differently. See 6th vs. 7th for details.
- Paraphrase
- Quotation
- Source within a source
When paraphrasing, you put the source information into your own words and phrases.
A quotation is an exact copy of the wording used in an outside source.
When a source with two authors is cited, both authors are included every time the source is cited.
For works with three or more authors, the first author's name followed by "et al." is used for every citation.
Many academic books and journal articles quote earlier books or articles on the same topic. If you cannot access the original source (it is out of print, or unavailable through the library), you can cite the secondary source instead.
The author's nameThe authors' namesThe nameThe group's nameA shortened version of the source's title is used in place of the author. It can appear outside the brackets, incorporated into the sentence:
According to Smith Smith and Khan Smith et al. the Ministry of Education Research Ethics “Trends” “Māori Voices” “Research Awards” “Tertiary Funding Models” National Employment "Kindergartens" (2022), (n.d.) “the best source of …” (22).
Or it they can appear inside the brackets:
It is not compulsory to include page numbers when paraphrasing, but they can be included if you want to refer to a specific part of the source:
When quoting, you must provide a page number if one is available. Because web pages often have no page numbers, you should either use the paragraph number (use "para." instead of "p.") or nothing at all.
If a multiple (3+) author citation abbreviated with et al. looks the same as another in-text citation similarly shortened, add enough surnames to make a distinction. E.g., (Smith, Khan, et al., 1998) to distinguish from (Smith, Khan, Zhang, et al., 1998).
Note that only the source you have viewed directly (the quoting source) should appear in the reference list. In the in-text citation both sources are mentioned, with the original source before the quoting source:
The earlier (6th) edition of APA formats this differently. See 6th vs. 7th for details.
Reference list
Entries are listed in alphabetical order at the end of the assignment.
- Sample reference list
- Reference list format
- Referencing booksReferencing chapters in edited booksReferencing journal articlesReferencing web pagesReferencing newspaper articlesReferencing magazine articlesReferencing reports
In-text citation
In-text citations are used in the body of the assignment.
Your course coordinator or lecturer usually provides material that will have been created especially for the course. This can include study guides and lecture notes. APA does not prescribe a specific format for study guides, so they should usually be treated like books, online books, or chapters in an edited book. Generally, it is a good idea to check with your lecturer about how they would like course material referenced.
Outside material
Some of the material your course/coordinator/lecturer provides for you originates outside the course. Common types of sources include books, edited book chapters, journal articles, and reports.
This material should be referenced according to its original source type. For example, if the material is an article from a journal, reference it normally as a journal article.
If you are unsure what type of source it is see What type of source is this? or ask your lecturer.
Material from the lecturer (Study guides and lecture notes)
Check your assignment instructions regarding the use of study guides and lecture notes (or ask your lecturer for clarification).
For some assignments, referring only to course materials is sufficient and preferred. However, for other assignments you may be expected to use other academic sources in addition to course material. Using outside academic sources demonstrates that you can explore the topic and find information yourself. So, where appropriate try and research the concepts/ideas/theories covered in your course and reference those outside sources as well. A good place to find academic sources is the Massey library Discover database.
In order to correctly reference material, you first need to identify the type of source: is it a book, a journal, or something else? Some other types of source are listed below.
If your source type isn't liked below, What type of source is this? has more on identifying source types.
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Books are printed and bound documents on a particular topic or set of topics. |
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Edited books are books containing writing by several different authors. Typically, each chapter is written by a different author, and the whole compilation is organised by a named editor. |
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Journals are periodically published collections of academic articles on a particular subject. |
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Web pages are online documents found on the World Wide Web. Only choose this type if there is no more specific description. More info. |
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Newspapers are daily or weekly publications that focus on news and current events. |
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Magazines are periodical publications of general interest or technical articles on a particular subject. |
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Reports are official numbered publications analysing an issue or situation. |
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Study material is provided by your lecturer for you to study as part of your course. |
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Other types include encyclopædias, online video, theses, conference proceedings, and more. |
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What type of source is this? has more on this topic. |
Author
The person who wrote the bookchapterarticleweb pagereport.
Format
The author's surname comes first, followed by a comma and the initials. Use one space between initials. End with a full stop.
Do not include titles or academic achievement (e.g., Dr. or PhD).
Where is it?
On the cover of the book, or on the title page.At the start of the chapter, near the title, or in the book's table of contents.At the start of the article, near the title, or in the journal's table of contents.Near the title, at the bottom of the web page (as part of a copyright notice), or on the website's About page.As a byline at the start or end of the article.As a byline at the start or end of the report.
More information
Two authors
The people who wrote the bookchapterarticleweb pagereport.
Format
Both authors are written surname first, followed by a comma and the initials. Use one space between initials.
Put a comma and an ampersand (&) between the first and second author.
Do not include titles or academic achievement (e.g., Dr. or PhD).
Where is it?
On the cover of the book, or on the title page.At the start of the chapter, near the title, or in the book's table of contents.At the start of the article, near the title, or in the journal's table of contents.Near the title, at the bottom of the web page (as part of a copyright notice), or on the website's About page.As a byline at the start or end of the article.On the report's title page.
More information
Three to twenty authors
The people who wrote the bookchapterarticleweb pagereport.
Format
All authors are written surname first, followed by a comma and the initials. Use one space between initials.
Put a comma between each name. Put a comma and an ampersand (&) before the final author.
Do not include titles or academic achievement (e.g., Dr. or PhD).
Where is it?
On the cover of the book, or on the title page.At the start of the chapter, near the title, or in the book's table of contents.At the start of the article, near the title, or in the journal's table of contents.Near the title, at the bottom of the web page (as part of a copyright notice), or on the website's About page.As a byline at the start or end of the article.On the report's title page.
More information
The earlier (6th) edition of APA formats this differently. See 6th vs. 7th for details.
Twenty-one or more authors
The people who wrote the bookchapterarticleweb pagereport.
Format
The first 19 authors are written surname first, followed by a comma and the initials. Use one space between initials.
Authors beyond the 19th are replaced with "…" (an ellipsis).
The final author's name is included after the ellipsis. There should be no more than 20 names.
Do not include titles or academic achievement (e.g., Dr. or PhD).
Where is it?
On the cover of the book, or on the title page.At the start of the chapter, near the title, or in the book's table of contents.At the start of the article, near the title, or in the journal's table of contents.Near the title, at the bottom of the web page (as part of a copyright notice), or on the website's About page.As a byline at the start or end of the article.On the report's title page.
More information
The earlier (6th) edition of APA formats this differently. See 6th vs. 7th for details.
Group or organisational author
A group or organisational author is used only when there is no individually named author available.
Government departments, corporations, universities, and charities are all examples of group authors.
Format
Write out the group's name in full (don't abbreviate). End with a full stop.
Where is it?
In the same places as an individual author.
More information
Year of publication
The year that the bookchapterarticleweb pagereport was published or released.
Format
Write in brackets, after the author(s). Put a full stop after the closing bracket.
Where is it?
On the copyright page, inside the front cover of the book. Look for the copyright (©) year. The year might also be listed in the Massey Library catalogue.On the journal's title page. The year may also be part of the header or footer of each page.Use the copyright (©) year or Last Updated year, usually found at the bottom of the page.On the report's title page. The year may also be part of the header or footer of each page.
More information
No year of publication
"n.d." (for “no date”) is used if no year is available.
Format
<If the date of the cited source (the original source) is unknown, it should be omitted from the in-text citation:
In a landmark study of childhood obesity, Arnold (as cited in Smith, 2022) found …
More information
Book title
The name of the book
If no author is named, the source may be written by a group or organisation. In this case, use the group in the author position. If there is no group author, the title should be moved to the author position.
Format
Write in full, in italics. End with a full stop.
Put a colon between the title and any subtitle, whether the original source uses it or not.
Use an uppercase letter for the first word of the title, the first word of any subtitle, and any proper nouns (the names of places, people, organisations, etc.).
Where is it?
On the cover, and on the title page.
More information
City of publication (NZ)
The location of the book'sreport's publisher.
Format
Put the city and country in full, separating them with a comma. End with a colon.
Note: the format can vary depending on whether the city is in the United States or elsewhere. See the Options panel to the left.
Where is it?
On the copyright page, inside the front cover of the bookreport.
Look for the publisher's physical address. Do not use the printer's address. If there are several cities listed, use the first.
The city might also be listed in the Massey Library catalogue.
More information
City of publication (US)
The location of the book'sreport's publisher.
Format
Put the city and two-letter state abbreviation (e.g., CA for California), separating them with a comma. End with a colon.
Where is it?
On the copyright page, inside the front cover of the bookreport.
Look for the publisher's physical address. Do not use the printer's address. If there are several cities listed, use the first.
The city might also be listed in the Massey Library catalogue.
More information
City of publication (Other)
The location of the book'sreport's publisher.
Format
Put the city and country in full, separating them with a comma. End with a colon.
Where is it?
On the copyright page, inside the front cover of the bookreport.
Look for the publisher's physical address. Do not use the printer's address. If there are several cities listed, use the first.
The city might also be listed in the Massey Library catalogue.
More information
Publisher
The name of the company that published the bookreport.
Note: If the author and publisher are the same, omit the publisher in the reference. E.g.,
Ministry of Education. (2009). Research ethics in New Zealand: A student guide.
Format
Put the name of the publisher. End with a full stop.
Do not include legal terms (e.g., Inc. or Ltd.). Do not include the publisher location in the reference.
Where is it?
On the copyright page, inside the front cover of the bookreport. On the spine or cover of the bookreport.
The publisher might also be listed in the Massey Library catalogue.
More information
Website Name
The host or source of the webpage, report or web document.
Note: When the author of the work is the same as the website source, omit the website name in the reference.
Format
Write the website name in full (without italics). All words in the name should begin with uppercase letters except for words like "and," "of," and "the." End with a full stop.
Where is it?
Near the title, at the bottom of the webpage (as part of the copyright notice), or on the website's About page.
More information
Chapter title
The name of the specific chapter of the book. If no author is named, the source may be written by a group or organisation. In this case, use the group in the author position. If there is no group author, the chapter title should be moved to the author position.
Format
Write in full, without italics. End with a full stop.
Put a colon between the title and any subtitle, whether the original source uses it or not.
Use an uppercase letter for the first word of the title, the first word of any subtitle, and any proper nouns (the names of places, people, organisations, etc.).
Where is it?
At the start of the chapter (near the author's name) or in the book's table of contents.
More information
Book title (edited book)
The name of the book
Format
Write in full, in italics. The full stop comes after the chapter page range (in brackets).
Put a colon between the title and any subtitle, whether the original source uses it or not.
Use an uppercase letter for the first word of the title, the first word of any subtitle, and any proper nouns (the names of places, people, organisations, etc.).
Where is it?
On the cover, and on the title page.
More information
Editor(s)
The person(s) who compiled and prepared the chapters for publication.
Format
Begin with "In" and end with "(Ed.)" or "(Eds.)" and a comma. Editor names are formatted like authors, but with initials preceding surnames.
If there is more than one editor, they follow the same rules as multiple authors (i.e., there should be commas between the names, and an "&" before the last editor's name).
Where is it?
On the cover of the book, or on the title page.
More information
Chapter page range
The first and last page of the chapter being cited.
Format
Write in brackets. Begin with "pp.", and put a dash ("–") between the first page number and the last page number. End with a full stop (outside the brackets). The book's edition number goes in the same brackets, before the page range. Put a comma between it and the page range.
Where is it?
The first page number of the chapter, usually containing the title and introduction.
The final page number of the chapter, usually containing the end of the references or footnotes.
More information
Journal article
The name of the specific article in the journal. If no author is named, the source may be written by a group or organisation. In this case, use the group in the author position. If there is no group author, the article title should be moved to the author position.
Format
Write in full, without italics. End with a full stop.
Put a colon between the title and any subtitle, whether the original source uses it or not.
Use an uppercase letter for the first word of the title, the first word of any subtitle, and any proper nouns (the names of places, people, organisations, etc.).
Where is it?
At the start of the article (near the author's name) or in the journal issue's table of contents.
More information
Journal title
The name of the journal.
Format
Write in italics, end with a comma.
All words in the name should begin with an uppercase letter except minor words like "and," "in," and "the".
Where is it?
On the cover or title page of the issue. Often on the top (header) or bottom (footer) of every page.
The title often (but not always) has words like "Journal" or "Studies" in it.
Journal titles can be found using Massey Library's catalogue search.
More information
Volume number
The volume number refers to a set of issues. It is usually related to the year of publication: volume 7 of a journal would include issues published in the 7th year of that journal's existence.
Format
Write in italics. If there is also an issue number, put the opening bracket next. Do not put a space between the volume number and the bracket.
If there is no issue number, end with a comma.
If there is no issue number and no page range, end with a full stop instead.
Where is it?
On the cover, copyright / title page, table of contents of the issue. Often on the top (header) or bottom (footer) of every page, after the journal title.
More information
Issue number
Each issue of a journal is allocated a number. It usually indicates when in the year it was published: issue 3 of a journal would be the 3rd issue published that year.
Format
Write in brackets. End with a comma (outside the brackets).
If there is no page range, end with a full stop instead.
If the journal's page numbering stretches over the course of the year instead of beginning at 1 each issue, do not include the issue number.
Where is it?
On the cover, copyright / title page, table of contents of the issue. Often on the top (header) or bottom (footer) of every page, after the volume number.
More information
Article page range
The first and last page of the article being cited.
Format
Put a dash ("–") between the first page number and the last page number. End with a full stop.
"pp." is not used before the article page range.
Where is it?
The first page number of the article, usually containing the title and introduction.
The final page number of the article, usually containing the end of the references or footnotes.
More information
Web page
The name or heading of the web page. If no author is named, the source may be written by a group or organisation. In this case, use the group in the author position. If there is no group author, the web page title should be moved to the author position.
Format
Write in full, in italics.
Put a colon between the title and any subtitle, whether the original source uses it or not.
Use an uppercase letter for the first word of the title, the first word of any subtitle, and any proper nouns (the names of places, people, organisations, etc.).
Where is it?
Use the heading of the web page.
If there is no heading, use whatever appears in the title bar of your browser (usually at the very top of the screen).
More information
“Retrieved from”
This phrase comes before the URL address.
If the material is likely to change frequently (e.g., the source is a wiki), the date of retrieval can be included here as well: begin with "Retrieved". Put the month (written as a word) and the day, then a comma and the year. End with a comma and "from"
More information
URL address
The location of the web page / web document.
Format
Write in full. Do not end with a full stop.
Where is it?
Copy from the address bar of your web browser.
The URL address usually begins with "http://" or "https://"
Include a URL that is openly accessible or omit the online information altogether.
More information
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
The Digital Object Identifier is a unique number allocated to an online publication. It is often used to identify online journal articles and other online documents.
When to include a DOI
Include DOIs for all sources where a DOI is available even if the source wasn’t accessed online.
Format
Write https://doi.org/ and then the number in full, including any punctuation such as slashes or full stops. Do not end with a full stop.
Where is it?
If an online source has a DOI it will be identified with the copyright information.
The DOI may also be part of the online citation for the source.
More information
Digital object identifier (DOI)
The DOI can be looked up via http://www.crossref.org/
The earlier (6th) edition of APA formats this differently. See 6th vs. 7th for details.
Newspaper article
The name of the specific article in the newspaper. If no author is named, the source may be written by a group or organisation. In this case, use the group in the author position. If there is no group author, the article title should be moved to the author position.
Format
Write in full, without italics. End with a full stop.
Put a colon between the title and any subtitle, whether the original source uses it or not.
Use an uppercase letter for the first word of the title, the first word of any subtitle, and any proper nouns (the names of places, people, organisations, etc.).
Where is it?
At the start of the article, in large text.
More information
Newspaper title
The name of the newspaper.
Format
Write in italics, end with a full stop.
All words in the name should begin with an uppercase letter except minor words like "and," "in," and "the".
Where is it?
On the front page of the newspaper, in the masthead.
More information
Page number
The page that the article appears on.
Format
Include the page number range of the article if you accessed a print version. Omit the page number/s if they aren’t available.
If the newspaper has different sections, include the section as well (e.g., "B5").
If the article stretches over multiple pages, put a dash ("–") between the first and last number.
Where is it?
On the top (header) or bottom (footer) of the page.
More information
Magazine article
The name of the specific article in the magazine. If no author is named, the source may be written by a group or organisation. In this case, use the group in the author position. If there is no group author, the magazine title should be moved to the author position.
Format
Write in full, without italics. End with a full stop.
Put a colon between the title and any subtitle, whether the original source uses it or not.
Use an uppercase letter for the first word of the title, the first word of any subtitle, and any proper nouns (the names of places, people, organisations, etc.).
Where is it?
At the start of the article, in large text.
More information
Magazine title
The name of the magazine.
Format
Write in italics, end with a comma.
All words in the name should begin with an uppercase letter except minor words like "and," "in," and "the".
Where is it?
On the cover or title page of the issue. Often on the top (header) or bottom (footer) of every page.
More information
Magazine volume number
The volume number refers to a set of magazines. It is usually related to the year of publication: volume 7 of a magazine would include issues published in the 7th year of that magazine's existence.
Format
Write in italics. If there is also an issue number, put the opening bracket next. Do not put a space between the volume number and the bracket.
If there is no issue number, end with a comma.
If there is no issue number and no page range, end with a full stop instead.
If there is no volume or issue number, just give the page range.
Where is it?
On the cover, copyright / title page, table of contents of the issue. Often near the date and magazine title.
More information
Magazine issue number
Each issue of a magazine is often allocated a number. It usually indicates when in the year it was published: issue 3 of a magazine would be the 3rd issue published that year.
Format
Write in brackets. End with a comma (outside the brackets).
If there is no page range, end with a full stop instead.
Where is it?
On the cover, copyright / title page, table of contents of the issue. Often near the date and magazine title.
More information
Magazine article page range
The first and last page of the article being cited.
Format
Put a dash ("–") between the first page number and the last page number. End with a full stop.
"pp." is not used before the article page range.
Where is it?
The first page number of the article, usually containing the title and introduction.
The final page number of the article.
More information
Web page title
The name or heading of the web page.
Format
Write in full. If the web page stands alone, put the title in italics. If it is part of a larger section (e.g., a blog post) do not put it in italics.
Put a colon between the title and any subtitle, whether the original source uses it or not.
Use an uppercase letter for the first word of the title, the first word of any subtitle, and any proper nouns (the names of places, people, organisations, etc.).
Where is it?
Use the heading of the web page.
If there is no heading, use whatever appears in the title bar of your browser (usually at the very top of the screen).
More information
Revised edition
Indicates a newer version of an existing book, usually correcting errors and introducing additional material.
Format
Write "Rev. ed." in brackets. End with a full stop outside the brackets. The chapter page range goes in the same brackets, after "Rev. ed.". Put a comma between "Rev. ed." and the page range.
Where is it?
On the cover, copyright page, title page of the book.
More information
Later edition
Indicates a later version of an existing book, usually correcting errors and introducing additional material.
Format
In brackets, write the number of the edition (e.g., 2nd, 3rd), followed by "ed." End with a full stop outside the brackets. The chapter page range goes in the same brackets, after the edition number. Put a comma between the edition number and the page range.
Where is it?
On the cover, copyright page, title page of the book.
More information
Publication date (newspaper)
The date that the newspaper was published or released.
Format
Write in brackets. Write the year, then a comma, then the month and day. Put a full stop after the closing bracket.
Where is it?
On the front page of the newspaper, in the masthead.Near the article title or author information (byline).
More information
Publication date (weekly)
The date that the magazine was published or released.
Format
Write in brackets. Write the year, then a comma, then the month and day. Put a full stop after the closing bracket.
Where is it?
On the cover or title page of the magazine.Near the article title or author information (byline).
More information
Publication date (monthly)
The month that the magazine was published or released.
Format
Write in brackets. Write the year, then a comma, then the month. Put a full stop after the closing bracket.
Where is it?
On the cover or title page of the magazine.Near the article title or author information (byline).
More information
Publication date (quarterly)
The month or season that the quarterly / seasonal magazine was published or released.
Format
Write in brackets. Write the year, then a comma, then the month or season. Put a full stop after the closing bracket.
Where is it?
On the cover or title page of the magazine.Near the article title or author information (byline).
More information
Report
The name of the report. If no author is named, the source may be written by a group or organisation. In this case, use the group in the author position. If there is no group author, the name of the report should be moved to the author position.
Format
Write in full, in italics.
Put a colon between the title and any subtitle, whether the original source uses it or not.
Use an uppercase letter for the first word of the title, the first word of any subtitle, and any proper nouns (the names of places, people, organisations, etc.).
Where is it?
On the cover, the title page, and/or the copyright page.
More information
Report identification number
Reports are often produced in series, and each report is assigned an identification number.
Format
Write in brackets. Write the number descriptor (report number, contract number, monograph number, etc.), then the number itself. Put a full stop after the closing bracket.
If there is no identifying number, simply put the full stop after the report title.
Where is it?
On the cover, title page, or copyright page of the report.
More information
Author
Only the surname of the author is included in the in-text citation.
More information
Authors
Only the surnames of the authors are included in the in-text citation.
Note that “and” is used if the authors are outside the brackets, but “&” is used if the authors are inside the brackets.
More information
Authors
Only the first author's surname is included. All other authors are replaced with "et al."
More information
Group author
The group author's name should be identical to the name used in the reference list.
More information
Book title
A shortened version of the book title appears in the in-text citation, in italics.
Usually the first few words of the title are used – enough to uniquely identify the source.
More information
Chapter / article title
A shortened version of the chapterarticle title appears in the in-text citation, inside quotation marks.
Usually the first few words of the title are used – enough to uniquely identify the source.
If the title is inside brackets, the comma comes before the closing quotation mark.
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Report title
A shortened version of the report title appears in the in-text citation, in italics.
Usually the first few words of the title are used – enough to uniquely identify the source.
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Web page title
A shortened version of the web page title appears in the in-text citation.
If the title appears in italics in the reference list, it should appear in italics here. If it appears inside quotation marks, then it should appear inside quotation marks here.
Usually the first few words of the title are used – enough to uniquely identify the source.
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Year
The year of publication should be identical to the year used in the reference list.
It should always be in brackets. Months, days, and seasons are not included in the in-text citation, even if they appear with the year in the reference list.
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No year of publication
If the date of the cited source (the original source) is unknown, it should be omitted from the in-text citation:
In a landmark study of childhood obesity, Arnold (as cited in Smith, 2022) found …
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Page number(s)
Page numbers always appear in brackets. Use the abbreviation "p." for a single page, and "pp." for a range of pages (e.g., p. 6 or pp. 6-7). If they are in the same brackets as the year, there should be a comma between the two.
If the source has no page numbers, use "para." (the paragraph number) instead, or use nothing here.
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Quoted source
The source that you have not seen directly, but that has been quoted in another source. This source does not appear in the reference list.
If it appears in brackets, put a comma before "as cited in."
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“as cited in”
This phrase indicates that you have only seen the first source quoted or cited within the second source.
It should be written in brackets.
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Secondary source's author
This is the author of the source that you have seen directly, the source that is quoting another source.
Write it the same as you would for a normal in-text citation. End with a comma.
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Secondary source's year of publication
This is the year of publication of the source that you have seen directly, the source that is quoting another source.
Write it the same as you would for a normal in-text citation.
If the date of the cited source (the original source) is unknown, it should be omitted from the in-text citation:
In a landmark study of childhood obesity, Arnold (as cited in Smith, 2022) found …
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First author's name and "et al."
When there are three or more authors, after the first time they have been cited only the first author's name is used, along with "et al." (a Latin phrase meaning “and others”).
If the author's name is in brackets, put a comma immediately after the full stop in "et al.".
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EndNote fields
If you are using the EndNote programme, use the following EndNote type:
- Book
- Book section
- Journal articleElectronic article
- Web page
- Newspaper article
- Magazine article
- Report
This is the set of fields to enter. If you are missing any of these fields (e.g., the author name or year), simply omit:
- Author (Note: Use a "First name Surname" or "Surname, First initial" format. For more than one author, enter each additional author's name on a new line using the Enter/Return key. Insert a comma at the end of group/corporate authors in the Endnote library to ensure it is displayed correctly) Reporter (Note: Insert a comma at the end of group/corporate authors in the Endnote library to ensure it is displayed correctly) Reporter
- Year
- Title
- Edition
- Publisher
- URL (Leave blank if the ebook was accessed through the Massey Library. Use URL if freely available online. Search for the homepage of the source rather than use a password protected ezproxy address, e.g., www.example.com/thepage.htm)
- DOI
- Book Title
- Edition
- Editor
- Publisher
- Pages
- URL (Leave blank if the ebook was accessed through the Massey Library. Use URL if freely available online. Search for the homepage of the source rather than use a password protected ezproxy address, e.g., www.example.com/thepage.htm)
- DOI
- Journal
- Volume
- Issue
- Pages
- URL (Include a URL that is openly accessible or omit the online information altogether.)
- DOI
- URL (Search for the homepage of the source rather than use a password protected ezproxy address, e.g., www.example.com/thepage.htm)
- Short Title (the first few words if the title is long)
- Newspaper
- Pages
- Issue Date
- Newspaper
- Pages
- Issue Date
- URL (Search for the homepage of the source rather than use a password protected ezproxy address, e.g., www.example.com/thepage.htm)
- DOI (put the DOI in the URL, as the DOI field does not display for this reference type)
- Magazine
- Volume
- Issue
- Pages
- Date (put the month, or the day and month)
- URL (Search for the homepage of the source rather than use a password protected ezproxy address, e.g., www.example.com/thepage.htm)
- DOI
- Type
- Report number
- Series Title
- Issue
- Publisher
- URL (Search for the homepage of the source rather than use a password protected ezproxy address, e.g., www.example.com/thepage.htm)
- DOI (put the DOI in the URL, as the DOI field does not display for this reference type)
If the newspaper article is likely to change over time (e.g. a developing story that is likely to be updated) also include the following fields:
- Access Date (e.g., November 12)
- Access Year (e.g., 2020)
If the webpage is likely to change over time (e.g., a wiki page), also include the following fields:
- Access Date (e.g., November 12)
- Access Year (e.g., 2015)
- Last Update Date
For information on and help with Endnote see:
Online source types
Many different types of source can be found online. "Web page" is only used as a last resort, if no other type is appropriate.
If your source is also a journal article, report, or other source type, choose that type instead. Specify that it was found online by selecting "Internet" as the medium.
For example, if your source is an online report PDF produced by a government department, choose "Report" as the type and "Internet" as the medium.